Examining the American Identity Essay - 837 Words

Examining the American Identity â€Å"Americans aren’t idyll daydreamers; they take the initiative.† (Cato.org) In his statement, Edward Hudgins, the director of regulatory studies at the Cato Institute, captures the essence of â€Å"Americaness.† Since the publishing of Ben Franklin’s Autobiography in 1790, this definition of Americans as go-getters and self-made-men has become stock. While Franklin’s life story helped define the American identity, the discussion of what an American is began decades before, as can be seen through J. Hector St. John de Crevoeur’s Letters of an American Farmer. Franklin and Crevecoeur both touch on American archetypes including the Yeoman Farmer Ideal, the free, self-made man, and the noble savage. These†¦show more content†¦The Yeoman Farmer Ideal has laid the foundation for a national identity that embraces work ethic, self-motivation and reaping the fruits of one’s own labor. Through his journey towards moral perfection, Franklin exhibits one of the cornerstones of the self-made man: the idea that, through diligent labor, man can raise himself above oppression. According to Crevecoeur, this idea hinges on the fact that in America, one is free to raise himself above his circumstances, because there â€Å"†¦are no aristocratical families, no courts, no kings, no bishops, no ecclesiastical dominion, no invisible power giving to a few a very visible one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (658) In America, economic success is dependent solely upon virtue and work ethic, not one’s birth name. Franklin furthers the idea that success is a result of hard work with his â€Å"can do† American attitude. He exemplifies this entrepreneurial spirit in his proposal to render the Benefit from Books more common by commencing a Public Subscription Library.† Both Crevecoeur and Franklin poignantly include being a free, self-made man as the basement of the ho use of the American identity, the cinderblocks of which areShow MoreRelatedThe Unconverted Self By Jonathan Boyarin Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pagesthe relationship between Christian Europe and the world around it, especially in the context of interreligious dialogue as a means of defining Christian identity. The common school of thought, as presented in this book, is that European identity reaches modernity after 1492 with the discovery of the radically different culture of Indigenous Americans (p. 9). Boyarin argues that this is untrue, as this belief operates under the incorrect assumption that the European people were a homogenous populationRead MoreIdentity Crisis Among African Americans1618 Words   |  7 PagesCelestine Professor Sandra Staton-Taiwo Identity Crisis amongst African Americans 17 November 2014 Abstract The question of self-identity has been commonly argued in field of the African American literature; with scholars such as Martin R. Delany and W.E.B Du Bois argue about the emphasis on race and racial consciousness. Together Du Bois and Delaney stress the importance of the color line, or the racial segregation in the United States, as a critical part of American history; nonetheless they both hadRead MoreBlack Folk Analysis On The Double Consciousness Theory Essay908 Words   |  4 Pages Re-examining W.E.B Du Bois’ Souls of Black Folk analysis on the double consciousness theory INTRODUCTION: In 1903 the brilliant historican and sociologist W.E.B Du Bois’ introduced his theory known as the Double-Conciousness in Souls of Black Folk Bois provides his readers with insight on the treatment of people of color, and supports this notion by giving personal examples of his experiences. He writes with the hope that many will understand the diffculty of having to be obtain two personalitiesRead MoreNamesake Character Analysis1388 Words   |  6 Pagesof those people who come from India to live permanently in a foreign country living behind their families, culture etc especially she wrote about the experiences of Bengalis living in the United States. In this novel identity plays a major role as the way people change their identities over time in this novel. It is a story of culture, race, and inheritance and how these factors change our attitude and direct our lives in an ever changing society and how it enables us to live in a different societyRead MoreSimilarities Betw een Kindred And The Sun1225 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough Kindred and The Sun Also Rises differ in genre, and setting they are none the less similar in how the author uses a first person—chronological narrative to explore the theme of identity within a different society. By taking the reader along as the protagonist faces difficult or challenging events. When examining the effect of the first person narrative on the content of the novel, the reader is able to see that it’s the use of the narrative that gives the protagonist more depth, this in turnRead MoreThe Perils Of Indifference By Louise Erdrich755 Words   |  4 Pagesto numerous situations: â€Å"The opposite of live is not hate, it’s indifference† (American Rhetoric: Elie Wiesel - The Perils of Indifference, 2016). Through his life experiences and words,Wiesel illustrates the dangers of indifference on society and the lives of its individuals. Examining Louise Erdrich’s novel Love Medicine and the complex use of individuals used to emphasize the cultural identity of Native American reservation life the theme of love emerges. Marie Kashpaw, especially, demonstratesRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folk By. B Du Bois860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B Du Bois, is an article on a African-American living in the United States. In this piece of literature Du Bois harshly portrays the personal and third person accounts African – American struggles during a period of slavery. The author uses many songs to depict the cruel life in four essays. In this piece Du Bois coins two main terms, â€Å"double consciousness† and â€Å"the Veil.† Overall the author provides the reader how the twentieth century is the problem of the color lineRead MoreThe Words Of Lev S. Vygotsky, Through Others We Become Ourselves Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesrace, and ethnicity. However, true identity, is far bey ond what meets the eye. Instead, the generation we are born into, the family we share, and experiences we have, all shape our views of the world and the role we play within it. Author Joel Stein in the TIME Magazine article entitled â€Å"Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation† and Richard Rodriguez in his â€Å"Achievement of Desire† both use personal and real life reflections to suggest the ongoing search for one’s identity. Both societal and personal growthRead MoreThe World Of Reproductive Justice And Politics Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagestheir town, or their society as a whole. Or they are forced to assimilate with color and ethnicity blindness as an example of the perfect adoptee/immigrant. Their choice to adopt from these foreign countries is centered by their various privileged identities while excluding the children themselves due to their disadvantages. Take for example the personal documentary, First Person Plural, by Deann Borshay, in which an adult Korean adoptee tells her life story through her adoptive family, fictionalizedRead MoreFemale Oppression By Emily Dickinson And Charlotte Perkins Gilman1729 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of American Literature there has been a common theme of male oppression. Especially towards the end of the 19th century, before the first wave of feminism, women were faced with an unshakeable social prison. Husband, home and children were the only life they knew, many encouraged not to work. That being said, many female writers at the time, including Emily Dickinson and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, were determined to examine the mind behind the American woman, through the lens

The Scarlet Letter Symbolism Free Essays

The Rosebush The rose bush is a discreet yet important symbol in the novel The Scarlet Letter. The rosebush is first mentioned in the chapter, â€Å"The Prison Door. † The narrator is setting the first major scene by describing the scenery. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter Symbolism or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is comparing the Puritan society to and â€Å"ugly edifice† and contrasting the rose bush to â€Å"the deep heart of Nature. † Later, in â€Å"The Governor’s Hall,† Hester and Governor Bellingham are talking about taking Pearl away from her. Pearl starts throwing a tantrum until she can have a rose from a rosebush. These events show major symbolism in a delicate flower. As the narrator describes the rosebush, he offers a rose to the reader â€Å"to symbolize some sweet moral blossom that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow,† (Hawthorne 42). This foreshadows the story will be forlorn. The rose is an offer to comfort the reader at the end of a disheartening novel. The rosebush also symbolizes life and beauty surrounded by a dreary world of sorrow. Outside of the prison door, the lively rosebush grows next to many weeds. This shows a truly beautiful flower can arise from a complete barren region. The rosebush is mentioned again later in the novel. At the governor’s house, â€Å"Pearl, seeing the rosebushes, began to cry for a red rose, and would not be pacified,† (Hawthorne 95). This carries over from the symbolism in chapter one. Although Pearl acts like a child of the devil, filled with darkness and mystery, she can be sweet and delicate by holding a single rose. The rosebush is an important symbol to understand the sorrow in The Scarlet Letter. After the symbolism is understood, readers can see the speck of amiability here and there. Throughout the novel the rose pacifies sorrowful and depressing emotions this story can bring. How to cite The Scarlet Letter Symbolism, Papers

Motivating the Workers for Humanistic Psychologist- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMotivating the Workers for Humanistic Psychologist. Answer: Introduction One of the major factors that determine the effectiveness of the human factors is motivation. Every human being naturally needs to be motivated for their better outcome. Therefore, it is clear that the performance of the human factors is substantially determined by the extent to which motivation is induced to them. Motivation is a significant contributor to the worker efficiency which entails the employee doing the right thing in the most accurate way possible. Therefore, this helps the organization to benefit more from the increased employee performance. Managers perception towards employees The article discusses the opinion of top leaders in the organization towards motivation of the employees. It establishes the consequent efficiency that comes when motivation is induced to the workers. The article brings out the position and role of the employees in the organization. The position of the employees of the company makes them be a lifeblood of the business. This is because they are the main factors that ensure that the organization smoothly runs the operations thus delivering the expected results. Therefore, the position of the employees in organization necessitates a clear plan to engage the workers in a strategic and bloody-minded way. This aspect is critical in adding the value to the company. Therefore, motivation is essential in ensuring the company reaps maximum performance from the employees. Managerial techniques to realize optimum efficiency There are many methods that the organization's management can employ to achieve optimum efficiency in their business. These efficiency techniques are broadly categorized into two main categories as the internal or external factors. The internal factors are those that lie within the company's core business and its cultures such as the organizational structure and its management systems. On the other hand, the external factors those that are acquired outside the company to help in complementing the company's already existing processes. They include the equipment, technology and also the management approach among many others. These aspects work hand in hand to deliver the best motivation of the workers to work for the organization. Consequently, it helps to derive a high level of performance of the employees in the company. Currently, performance management systems are critical in delivering value to the organization. They help the management to know track the level of performance and also a provision for the employees to monitor their degree of performance. This is achieved by its ability to manage feedbacks in the organization. The performance management system can be automated to help give deeper reports and also provide room for references in future (Soo, 2010, pp. 135143). This is critical since it helps the organization's management to be better positions to determine the rewards, salaries, and wages that can be given to the employees. It is clear from the article that the workers usually have a hidden form of ability that can only be unlocked with sufficient appropriate form of motivation. The companys management can trigger the potential of its employees to help them realize their goals with the incorporation of the motivation plans. The workers who are motivated are passionate about the job that they do and thus, deliver more efforts regarding efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, motivation benefits both the society and the business enterprise. The strength of the article The article is clear with its thesis statement that seeks to support the statement that the techniques employed by the managers to motivate the employees have an impact on their quality and the level of effectiveness. The article is critical in opening the eyes of the organizations management to motivate their employees. It unveils the importance of motivating the employees and the ways that can be employed to achieve this course. It also discusses alternative ways that have been neglected yet they effective in motivating the workers such improving their skills and talents, which int turn benefits the company. Besides, it makes it clear that the managers can disservice the employees and reduce their productivity if they fail to plan for their motivation. The employee will not give their best at work if they are not motivated. Weaknesses of the Article In as much as the article vigorously discusses the significance of adopting the motivation techniques on increasing their efficiency, it does not strongly discuss the effects that will be brought about when the staff is not motivated. An understanding of the implications of the unmotivated staff is critical for the management to evaluate the low-level productivity that they are likely to get from the unmotivated staff. This includes bringing out the lowered competency level such as the workers making many at their jobs and other deliberately made down times for their various capacities. Workers tend to seek forums or do activities to express their frustrations, which can even be strikes and demonstrations. Therefore, the article fails to express this critical motivation aspect, thus its weakness. My Position about the article In my personal view, I agree with the article and it's thesis statement that affirms that the various types of the motivation techniques that managers employ have impacts on the performance and productivity of the employees in the organization. I recommend that the human resource systems should have adopted good plans to keep the employees motivated all the time. This is can best implant through the incorporation of the motivation plans in the corporate culture. Utilizing policies, systems and culture in implementing the company's policies are effective, and everybody will believe in it and work towards achieving it. Culture will ensure that the plan is cascaded right from the top management to the junior staff. It helps in quick cementing of the policies that are implemented in the company. A good plan will ensure that the employees are motivated all the time, and thus, the organization will enjoy maximum productivity from them. A poorly motivated staff lowers the profitability of the company, and extreme cases can leave the organization in economic crisis (Katz, 2013, pp. 28-38). Therefore, the company should periodically evaluate the performance of the company and reward them all the time. This is through continuous feedback from the company. Additionally, the company should advocate for trust, career development, rewards as well as recognitions which promote employee motivation (Pulakos, 2009). Aspects that influence worker motivation Considering the employees in decision-making process It is important for the organizations management to factor in the employees in their decision-making process. This entails considering the employee's views, opinions and their general take on the various situations (Chester, 2013). Workers will have a strong feeling of belonging if their views and opinions are considered by the management decision-making. Thus, this can be a good employee motivation strategy (Saiyadain, 2009). Effective communication channels Communication is one of the critical aspects of better leadership in the organization. It is a medium that the senior employees can express themselves to have the job done by the junior staff. It helps effectively dedicate the duties thus increasing the productivity in the organization. Besides, communication is essential in clearing disagreements that may be caused by a poor, inaccurate communication system (Jones and George, 2008). Effective communication is also critical in to deliver the instructions to employees which will help them perform better. Additionally, good leadership should advocate for employee development of their talents and abilities through communication. This greatly helps in improving the employee motivation (Mihalko, 2010). Factors that Demotivate the Employees to underperform Various reasons contribute to the employee underperformance in the organization due to demotivation. When workers are not self-driven due to demotivation, it becomes detrimental to the organizations performance (Keller, 2010). This because the company will experience many negative effects from the employees, such as careless handling of tasks among many others (D'Souza and Gurin, 2016). These demotivating factors include: Working Environment A health-hazard working condition greatly demotivates the employees. The organization needs to prioritize the health and safety of the workers to ensure that they are comfortable in their respective working capacities (Johann, 2008). This will motivate them, and they are likely to develop a positive attitude towards the management, thus increasing their productivity (Buetow, 2007, pp. 183-185). Manager-Employee Relationship One of the greatest factors that influence the motivation of the employees is their relationship with the bosses. When the senior staff relates well with the juniors, the company realizes high productivity. It is important for the managers to adopt leadership skills that ensure that their relationship with the workers is kept well. Thus, this will motivate the employees and increase their productivity (Lyso, Mjoen and Levin, 2011, pp. 210-224). Payment and Rewards Remuneration is important for the motivation of the staff. The organization should plan for the timely pay of the employees remuneration, allowances, bonuses, compensation and many others. This is one of the factors that contribute to better performance of the workers in the company. Besides, the company should ensure that the employees earn an adequate salary which meets the expected standards (Moran, 2013). This will give them satisfaction thus, increase their performance. Additionally, the company should also plan to ensure that the high-performing employees are rewarded accordingly. On the other hand, those employees who continuously underperform, the organization should have a plan to punish them as a way to correct and encourage them to perform (Schabracq, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, the article is critical in unveiling significant information for the organizations management to implement and adopt an effective motivation strategy for their employees. It is clear from the article that the company will derive more value from their employees if they are motivated. This is because a much-motivated staff unlocks its full potential in their duties. The organization is always placed in a better position to influence the motivation level of the workers. Therefore, the management of the company can always trigger full efforts from the employees or distort their engagement and performance depending on the leadership strategy that they take. Thus, motivation techniques are critical and influence the effectiveness of the employees. References Buetow, S. (2007). What motivates health professionals? Opportunities to gain greater insight from theory.Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, pp. 183-185. Chester, E. (2013). True work-life balance? It's a myth we need to quit worrying about. Retrieved from:https://www.tlnt.com/2013/05/14/work-life-balance-its-a-myth-we-need-to-quit-worrying-about/ D'Souza, J. and Gurin, M. (2016). "The universal significance of Maslow's concept of self-actualization." The Humanistic Psychologist. Johann, R. (2008). Cross-Cultural Management: The Case of the DaimlerChrysler Merger. GRIN Verlag, Inc. Jones, G. and George, J. (2008). Contemporary Management. Katz, R. (2013). Motivating the Technical Professionals Today. IEEE Engineering Management Review, pp. 28-38 Keller, J. M. (2010).Motivational design for the learning and performance: The ARCS model approach. New York: Springer. Lyso, I., Mjoen, K. and Levin, M. (2011). Using collaborative action learning projects to increase the impact of the management development. International Journal of Training and Development, pp. 210-224 Mihalko, B. (2010).The influence of transfer system factors and training elapsed time on transfer in a healthcare organization. Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University. Moran, B. (2013). Library and Information Center Management. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited. Pulakos, E. (2009). Performance Management: A New Approach for Driving Business Results. Wiley-Blackwell, Inc. Saiyadain, M. (2009). Human Resources Management. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Schabracq, M. (2007). Changing organizational culture: the change agent's guidebook. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Soo, J. (2010). "The interaction effects of the scheduling control and work-life balance programs on job satisfaction and mental health". International Journal of Social Welfare. pp. 135143.

Sri Aurobindo Essay Example

Sri Aurobindo Essay Sri Aurobindo was a revolutionary, poet, philosopher, writer, and Spiritual Master. One of Indias great modern philosophers, Aurobindo was a prolific author who expressed his views on humankind, nature, God, and the cosmos in numerous works of poetry and prose. He believed in the unity of all things material, intellectual, and spiritual, and a central theme that runs throughout all his writings is the divinization of life on earth. Sri Aurobindo, not only expressed his spiritual thought and vision in intricate metaphysical reasoning and in phenomenological terms, but also in poetry. He started writing poetry as a young student, and continued until late in his life. The theme of his poetry changed with the projects that he undertook. It ranged from revolutionary homages to mystic philosophy. Sri Aurobindo wrote in classical style. Aurobindos philosophical beliefs derived from and promoted spiritual experience. The central theme of all his writings-the spiritualization of earthly life-rests on his belief that God exists in all of Nature and that spiritual intuition makes it possible for every individual to become conscious of his own divinity. Sri Aurobindo says ills of the present world cannot be remedied by new political or economical arrangements. Sri Aurobindo believes that a higher faculty is lying dormant in us which has to be developed and perfected, so as to result in the life divine not in any heaven , but in this life and in this point. one of poems I have a hundred lives describes the spiritual quest for the god. Says how he has to pass through the hundred lifes before he could grasp Spirit ethereal(the god). I have a hundred lives before me yet To grasp thee in, O Spirit ethereal, . Pursue thee like a hunter through them all. We will write a custom essay sample on Sri Aurobindo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sri Aurobindo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sri Aurobindo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The central theme of Sri Aurobindo poem I have a hundred life’s is evolution of life into a life divine. Man is a transitional being. He is not final. The step from man to superman is the next approaching achievement in the earth evolution. It is inevitable because it is at once the intention of the inner spirit and the logic of Natures process. He would work for his realization like a hunter. Thou yet shalt turn back on the eternal way And with awakened vision watch me come Smiling a little at errors past and lay Thy eager hand in mine, its proper home. God like concerned father watches over his devotees with wakened vision. He has given a new cosmology and a new metaphysics in his poem ‘considered as the philosophical masterpiece of the century. Sri Aurobindo themes are philosophical and transcendental. Sri Aurobindo states that man is a transitional being. Man is born an ignorant, divided, conflicted being; a product of the original in conscience (i. e. unconsciousness,) inherent in Matter that he evolved out of. As a result, he does not know the nature of Reality, including its source and purpose; his own nature, including the parts and integration of his being; what purpose he serves, and what his individual and spiritual potential is, amongst others. In addition, man experiences life through division and conflict, including his relationship with others, and his divided view of spirit and life. To overcome these limitations, Man must embark on a process of self-discovery in which he uncovers his Divine nature. Man psychic change, his mind expands and he experiences knowledge not through the hard churning of thought, but through light, intuition, and revelation of knowledge, culminating in supra mental perception. Light enters from the heights and begins to transmute various parts of his being. ees the oneness and unity of creation, and the harmony of all opposites experienced in life. Thy golden Light came down into my brain And the grey rooms of mind sun-touched became . Thy golden Light came down into my throat, And all my speech is now a tune divine, A paean-song of Thee my single note; My words are drunk with the Immortals wine. Sri Aurobindo says golden lights triggers the super consciousness,leads him on to immortal path.. I t is basically a complete transformation of the mind, the heart, the emotions, and the physical body. Thy golden Light came down into my heart Smiting my life with Thy eternity; .. Thy golden Light came down into my feet, My earth is now Thy playfield and Thy seat. Man transforms into moving temple of God. Experiences oneness with nature. Sri Aurobindo says man has to move towards the fulfillment of our evolutionary purpose; to bring the Divine Being into life; to spiritualize life so that it can experience its ultimate potentials and possibilities. Man has to discover his True Nature , of the world, of the universe, of the transcend Divine, and has to be integrated them into daily existence. And in that process of discovery, he experiences the ultimate Delight in existence, fulfilling the very purpose for which the Divine enabled this universe; for the joy of discovery of his deepest and most profound spiritual nature, and the unity of that nature with the Divine Source and Creator.

White King Red Rubber Black Death Essays

White King Red Rubber Black Death Essays White King Red Rubber Black Death Essay White King Red Rubber Black Death Essay All throughout history, monarchies from all over Europe have been known to exert their power and reign over African countries as well as other southern countries. In most cases, such reign has resulted to the abuse and mistreatment of the native people of the said countries. The film produced and directed by Peter Bates, â€Å"White King, Red Rubber, Black Death,† features a story that follows the said trend. In particular, the film is a showcase of how Leopold II, a Belgian monarch exerted his power brought down terror upon the people of Congo. The story documents King Leopold II’s reign over Congo and the wrath that he brought with him. Between 1885 and1908, Leopold II turned Congo into a labor camp and brutalized the people of Congo, all for the sake of rubber. Congo was rich in rubber, and during that time, rubber was highly in demand as the production of bicycles and cars was increasing rapidly. Every individual in Congo was subjected to Leopold’s abuse. Men who could not produce the required amount of rubber saw their families being held as hostages and starved to death. Even children were not spared from his wrath. Children worked as laborers and late deliveries meant that their hands would be cut off. During the reign of Leopold, it was said that over 10 million people in Congo were killed. It was only through the efforts of a courageous British journalist that such human rights abuses were brought to attention and was finally ended. In a way, the film serves as one of those films that help people understand better the ins and outs of European relations with Africa. Historical accounts often times leave out such events. Such painful truths are often forgotten, ignored or simply hidden. Bates story brings an example of such painful truths to the limelight and orients its viewers to the plight of the people of Congo in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Bates’ depiction of the story shows his passion for human rights and the abuses committed against such rights. He reveals a reality that has long been ignored. He succeeded in making viewers see that Leopold II is accountable for his actions that led to the multitude of deaths in Congo. More importantly, Bates’ production is one which will leave viewers who are unaware of such abuses in utter shock and pity for the Congolese who suffered in the hand of an oppressor. It is informative and at the same time, it touches the hearts of its viewers and makes people realize the value of their human rights and the protection of such rights. If there is one thing wrong with the manner by which the story was portrayed. It was that it was full of rage. There were certain scenes that were too dramatic that may have made the story a bit too sensationalized. Even the narration was too dramatic. Although such style was utilized to make people realize better the extent of the abuse, it may have dampened the integrity of the film. Understandably, there is indeed bias in Bates’ production. Indeed, Bates’ goal is to show the world the plight of the Congolese under Leopold’s rule. However, the film could have been better if a less passionate portrayal was used. The sensationalism in the film was unnecessary for the story is enough for viewers to see the horror in Congo during the said time. The story speaks for itself and there was no need to add more drama to it. In general, the film was a true eye-opener. It would certainly touch the hearts of people who watch it. Finally, it teaches people to value and protect the human rights of every individual more.

How To Calculate Experimental Error in Chemistry

How To Calculate Experimental Error in Chemistry Error is a measure of the accuracy of the values in your experiment. It is important to be able to calculate experimental error, but there is more than one way to calculate and express it. Here are the most common ways to calculate experimental error: Error Formula In general, error is the difference between an accepted or theoretical value and an experimental value. Error Experimental Value - Known Value Relative Error Formula Relative Error Error / Known Value Percent Error  Formula % Error Relative Error x 100% Example Error Calculations Lets say a researcher measures the mass of a sample to be 5.51 grams. The actual mass of the sample is known to be 5.80 grams. Calculate the error of the measurement. Experimental Value 5.51 gramsKnown Value 5.80 grams Error Experimental Value - Known ValueError 5.51 g - 5.80 gramsError - 0.29 grams Relative Error Error / Known ValueRelative Error - 0.29 g / 5.80 gramsRelative Error - 0.050 % Error Relative Error x 100%% Error - 0.050 x 100%% Error - 5.0%

Codfish market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Codfish market - Essay Example There has been a decline in the production of codfish from the staggering 810,000 in 1968 to the 750,000 of 2008. The pricing per block of codfish has increased over that period because of the decreased supply of cod fish in the market. 4. Based on the (limited) information available in the posted sources, and your general economic knowledge, what factors have probably shifted the demand (curve) for cod, up or down, between 1968 and 2008? The demand of cod has been affected by the Canadian government policy on its production. The 1992 ban that closed the Northeast fishing beds affected the availability of cod in the fish market ultimately becoming inexistent until two decades later. 5. Based on the data in Figure 3 in the 1973 article, identify years in which the demand for cod must have shifted (compared to the year before) and which way it must have shifted. Looking at the entire twelve-year period, rather than year-by-year, is it clear what happened to demand between 1960 and 1971? The years where demand shifted include 1960-1962 the demanded of cod shifted upwards. From 1963-1965 the demand shifted upwards while 1965-1967 the demand shifted downwards. From 1969-1971 the demand for cod shifted upwards. Newfoundland, in 1968, produced 810, 000 metric tons of Atlantic cod. This figure represents the world’s total of cod at the time. The area produced 100% of all the Atlantic cod in the world. In 1992, Newfoundland produced almost zero metric tons of Atlantic cod. 7. One normally expects a competitive market to generate efficient levels of production. Do you think Canadian cod production was efficient from 1948-68? If a single firm had owned exclusive rights to the fishing grounds, then would this have likely led to the same or different levels of production? Would that solution have been more or less efficient? Which market failure(s) apply to this

Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Congress - Essay Example Within the website America.gov, it can be seen that Congress plays a role in enacting the national form of government within the United States. Article 1 begins by stating that Congress shall be divided into two sections, the Senate and the House of Representatives. This article also describes the duties and privileges of Congress as well. Congress is allowed to levy taxes allowed tax statutes must first be introduced by the House of Representatives first. Congress also creates laws and regulations that control commerce, and create a standard of measurement for the entire country. In times of war, Congress is authorized to declare war, create armies, produce a navy, and make certain that all the laws are followed by the militia. Within everyday matters that are seen within today’s society, Congress is given the right by the Constitution to create and maintain post offices along with the national roads. Money is standardized by Congress as well. In regards to immigrants and oth er foreigners, Congress forms these laws as well to regulate the naturalization of foreign citizens along with a keen eye towards international fraud and bankruptcy that may occur by foreigners. Confirmation of high-ranking officials may only be done by the Senate. One of the most important powers of Congress stated within the Constitution is that with a two-thirds vote, Congress may nullify a bill signed by the President. Congress also has the important role of carrying out fields of investigation. America.gov goes through the details of investigation trials done by Congress. This occurs through the formation of committees that research laws, look into their functionality, and possibly look into further areas of impeachment in rare occasions of the President. During the impeachment process, the House of Representatives has the power to bring about the charges of the President. The Senate

Environmental Education Essay Example for Free

Environmental Education Essay Environmental education and play in Swedish and Australian early childhood curriculum. Environmental education and play are two important facets of both Swedish and Australian early childhood curriculum. Sandberg and Arlemalm-Hagser (2011) provide us with an overview of the Swedish curriculum, the current landscape of environmental education and the place of play in environment curriculum. An Australian perspective is demonstrated by Edwards and Cutter-Mackenzie who examines domestic responses to environment curriculum in early childhood settings and the importance of play in this context. A synthesis of both accounts provides us with an overview of environmental education across the two nations and the way in which place of play in the curriculum. Sandberg and Arlemalm-Hagser (2011) argue that Swedish early childhood education is influenced by sociocultural theory with a child-centred focus. Values of Swedish society are transmitted through the curriculum with sustainable development featured. Children are stakeholders because they are citizens and future leaders. Learning for sustainable development is implemented via the Pedagogical Programme for the Preschool which was adopted in 1987 which aims to promote environmental awareness. A key difference between the Swedish and Australian stances on environmental education is that Swedish curriculum explicitly refers to the concept as â€Å"learning for sustainable development† while the Australian documents use terminology such as â€Å"environmental education. † Sweden makes it clear that the purpose of environmental education is to equip children with tools and dispositions to address sustainability as adults. The Australian perspective may appear to have more emphasis on biodiversity and appreciation of outdoor environments, however Edwards and Cutter-Mackenzie point out that sustainability is dealt with through one indicator of the EYLF’s Learning Outcome Two which states: † (children) develop an awareness of the impact of human activity on environments and the interdependence of living things† (DEEWR, 2009, p. 29). For both Sweden and Australia, play permeates early childhood curriculum and is the basis for learning and development. Play can advance problem solving skills, and provide opportunities to practice creative instincts (Sandberg Arlemalm-Hagser, 2011). With regards to environmental education, both articles point out that many opportunities for environmental education take place during play activities in the outdoor. For Sandberg and Arlemalm-Hagser (2011), the principle of pleasure creates a joyful learning environment where the children are actively engaged. Similarly, Edwards and Cutter-Mackenzie highlight the uniquely Australian environment can be used to engage children with nature. For Edwards and Cutter-Mackenzie, play and environment education in Australia are two key features of the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) (Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations , 2009). The EYLF presents play as a pedagogical tool for connecting learning and environment involves children’s learning spaces. Play in the outdoors is highlighted and educators are encouraged to use the Australian learning environment to offer children groundwork for lifelong environmental education. Also, play develops social skills. Through play, friend making and social interactions take place. â€Å"Children become conscious of themselves through others† (Sandberg Arlemalm-Hagser, 20011, p45) and play promotes awareness of society as children grow to see themselves in relation to others, and as part of a group. Edwards and Cutter Mackenzie suggest that social skills can be developed through play as children begin to take moral standpoints. This dynamic relationship building and social experimentation can, as Mead (1995, in Sandberg Arlemalm-Hagser, 2011) suggests, lay the fundamental groundwork integral for a child’s development. In conclusion, both Swedish and Australian early childhood curriculum approaches environmental education in similar ways. While there are differences in terminology and focus, a key aspect of successful early childhood education is a consideration of context and making curriculum relevant. This accounts for the contrast in environmental education approaches. Play is seen as significant across both nations and creates a pleasurable learning experience that children can actively engage and learn in. In the future, it is likely that a global trend to environmentalise early childhood curriculum will develop as educators see a growing need to develop sustainable thinkers for the future. References: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. (2009). Belonging, Being Becoming. The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia. Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia. Edwards, S. and Cutter-Mackenzie, A. , (2011). Environmentalising early childhood education curriculum through pedagogies of play. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood; v. 36 n. 1 p. 51-59; Retrieved from http://search. informit. com. au/fullText;dn=185912;res=AEIPT ISSN: 1836-9391. Mead, H. G. (1995). Mind, Self and Society. From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Lund: Argos. (Cited in Sandberg Arlemalm Hagser, et. al. ) Sandberg, A. and Arlemalm-Hagser, E. , (2011). The Swedish National Curriculum : play and learning with fundamental values in focus. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood; v. 36 n. 1 p. 44-50; March 2011. Retrieved from http://search. informit. com. au/fullText;dn=185911;res=AEIPT ISSN: 1836-9391. Tysan Allen: 43053157 ECH120.

Race and the American Criminal Justice System: The O.J. Simpson Case :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

Race and the American Criminal Justice System: The O.J. Simpson Case Historically racism has pervaded the administration of justice in America and Canada. Racial biases against blacks are still apparent today through the many different arenas of the criminal justice system. Black Americans argue that they are treated unequally and more brutally than whites at all levels in the criminal justice system. As a result of this unequal treatment blacks are more likely to be arrested, charged, convicted and receive longer sentences then whites for the same crimes. Black Americans make up about 12% of the US population and they account for more then 30% of all arrests, 44% of all prisoners and 40% of prisoners on death row (Hunt, 1999:74). The racial problem exists in many forms within the criminal justice system and most of this racial disparity can be attributed to the practices of the prosecution and more particularly the police. The unequal treatment of blacks within the justice system becomes evident through various forms of police misconduct such as excessive use of force against blacks, harassment, planting and falsifying evidence and police perjury. Most of these issues were brought to question in the criminal court case against O. J. Simpson, who was arrested and charged with the murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald L. Goldman. The question of race was addressed in the high profile court case of O.J. Simpson when Simpson's lawyer, Johnnie Cochran took a Critical Race Theory position in defence of his client (Aylward, 1999:68). Cochran believed that racism was a central issue to the case and it was revealed primarily by detective Mark Fuhrman of the LAPD in a white supremacist form. Fuhrman was the detective who uncovered most of the evidence that connected Simpson to the murders. The defence's argument was that detective Fuhrman, motivated by his hatred of blacks, had planted the blood on O.J.'s bronco and the bloody glove at the Simpson's residence in order to incriminate him for the crime. In order to prove Fuhrman's racial hatred and willingness to fabricate evidence, Cochran wanted to introduce evidence of thirty incidents where detective Fuhrman used racial epithets ("nigger") and eighteen examples of his misconduct contained in audio tapes that Fuhrman had made (Aylward, 1999:69). The court did not allow this evidence to be admitted but did allow for the defence to put three witnesses on the stand to testify to the racist attitudes they had experienced from detective Fuhrman.

Managerial Finance Essay

Managerial Finance – Problem Review Set – Dividends Policy 1) If a firm adopts a residual distribution policy, distributions are determined as a residual after funding the capital budget. Therefore, the better the firm’s investment opportunities, the lower its payout ratio should be. a. True b. False 2) Even if a stock split has no information content, and even if the dividend per share adjusted for the split is not increased, there can still be a real benefit (i. e. , a higher value for shareholders) from such a split, but any such benefit is probably small. a. True b. False 3) Which of the following should NOT influence a firm’s dividend policy decision? a. The firm’s ability to accelerate or delay investment projects. b. A strong preference by most shareholders for current cash income versus capital gains. c. Constraints imposed by the firm’s bond indenture. d. The fact that much of the firm’s equipment has been leased rather than bought and owned. e. The fact that Congress is considering changes in the tax law regarding the taxation of dividends versus capital gains. 4) Which of the following would be most likely to lead to a decrease in a firm’s dividend payout ratio? a. Its earnings become more stable. b. Its access to the capital markets increases. c. Its R;D efforts pay off, and it now has more high-return investment opportunities. d. Its accounts receivable decrease due to a change in its credit policy. e. Its stock price has increased over the last year by a greater percentage than the increase in the broad stock market averages. 5) If a firm adheres strictly to the residual dividend policy The stronger management thinks the clientele effect is, the more likely the firm is to adopt a strict version of the residual dividend model. d. Large stock repurchases financed by debt tend to increase earnings per share, but they also increase the firm’s financial risk. e. A dollar paid out to repurchase stock is taxed at the same rate as a dollar paid out in dividends. Thus, both companies and investors are indifferent between distributing cash through dividends and stock repurchase programs. 7) P;D Co. has a capital budget of $1,000,000. The company wants to maintain a target capital structure which is 30% debt and 70% equity.

Alcohol and Its Effects on Children

Andrelea Foerster Marriage & Family Dr. Ekechukwu 4/12/13 The Impact on Children of Alcoholic Parents The significant and detrimental impact on family life and child development caused by parental alcohol use cannot be underestimated, often putting children in danger. Alcohol use and disorders are a major public health problem. Alcohol abuse in poor and deprived communities is particularly deleterious as the scarce financial resources of the family needed for food, health care, and education are diverted to alcohol. Pinto, Violet) It rarely exists in isolation as a problem and is commonly intertwined with mental health, bereavement, family breakdown or domestic violence. Children are impacted in a number of different ways: parental alcoholism affects them financially; it affects their home environment; they may be exposed to unsuitable care and care givers or inadequate supervision, poor role models and inappropriate behavior; and their physical/emotional development and school atten dance can suffer.Many children whose parents drink at a significant level can often find themselves having to take on the role of care giver, both for their siblings and their parents. Approximately 5-10% of the country's population suffers from DSM-IV alcohol abuse, and this figure appears to be growing. Alcohol use problems affect spouses and children, unfortunately, in addition to the heavy substance users themselves. A recent study estimated that one in four American children have a parent who meets criteria for DSM-IV alcohol abuse. Brennan, Patricia) It is important to understand the feelings a parent will be experiencing in relation to their alcohol use and to recognize that just because a parent may or may not have disclosed that they have an alcohol problem, it does not necessarily mean the problem is not there. In practice, most standard policies and procedures are reactive to the parent admitting they have a problem. Consequently, workers from universal services often foc us on gaining evidence and then initiating procedures, which is a difficult balance to strike as workers often have to make social services referrals when disclosures are made. If you do not know what the problem is you cannot fix it' is a good place to start. In fact, it is difficult to meaningfully help a parent before they have accepted there is a problem; you cannot force change or engagement. From both sides, this can be difficult to manage as the positivity of a parent's disclosure can be overshadowed by a reaction to the referral to children's social care. Understandably, this can cause a dilemma for the professional and a great deal of anxiety for the parent. Encouraged by the disinhibiting effects of alcohol, they find it easier to enter the world outside their family borders in search of relief and self-assertion. † (Tomori, Martina) Professionals often worry about immediate safety when a parent has a drinking problem. Because they did not have an example to follow f rom their childhood and never experienced â€Å"normal† family relationships, adult children of alcoholics and addicts may have to guess at what it means to be normal. They sometimes can't tell good role models from bad ones.Some are not comfortable around family because they don't know what to do or how to react. Many adult children of alcoholics or addicts find it difficult to give themselves a break. They do not feel adequate, and feel that they are never good enough. They may have little self-worth and low self-esteem and can develop deep feelings of inadequacy. Because they judge themselves too harshly, some adult children of alcoholics may take themselves very seriously. They can become depressed or anxious because they have never learned how to lighten up on themselves.They can get very angry with themselves when they make a mistake. Many adult children of alcoholics find it difficult to let them have fun. Perhaps because they witnessed so many holidays, vacations and other family events sabotaged by the alcoholic parent, they do not expect good things to ever happen to them. In order to have an intimate relationship, one must be willing to look to another person for interdependence, emotional attachment, or fulfillment of your needs. Because of trust issues or lack of self-esteem, adult children of addicts may not be able to let themselves do that.They don't allow themselves to get close to others. After growing up in an atmosphere where denial, lying and keeping secrets was the norm, adult children of alcoholics can develop serious trust problems. All the broken promises of the past tell them that trusting someone will backfire on them in the future and because the alcoholic parent was emotionally unavailable or perhaps physically not around, adult children of alcoholics or addicts can develop an absolute fear of being abandoned. As a consequence, they can find themselves holding on to relationships they should end just because they don't want to be alone.If their alcoholic parent was mean or abusive when they were drunk, adult children can grow up with a fear of all angry people. They may spend their lives avoiding conflict or confrontation of any kind, thinking it could turn violent. Because they constantly judge themselves too harshly, many adult children of alcoholics are constantly seeking approval from others. The can become people-pleasers who are crushed if someone is not happy with them. They can absolutely fear criticism. Many children who grow up with an addicted parent find themselves thinking they are different from other people and not good enough.Consequently, they avoid social situations and have difficulty making friends. They can tend to isolate themselves as a result. Perhaps to avoid criticism or the anger of their alcoholic parent, many children from alcoholic homes become super responsible or perfectionists. They can become overachievers or workaholics. On the other hand, they can also go in the oppo site direction, becoming very irresponsible members of society. Handling disclosure is the key to being able to start to support a parent and get them the help they need.Listen to what the parent is saying and recognize that by starting to talk about the alcohol problem they are acknowledging it exists. This is the first step and can be a very vulnerable time; parents can become distressed at this stage. The parent is usually in a very negative space and it is important that this is a positive interaction where they feel supported and have hope. If this is handled badly their defenses usually go up and they disengage. Ideally, parents should be listened to and reassured that they have done the right thing in acknowledging they have a problem and that they will be given the right support.Stay with them until they have finished saying everything they want to–they will usually indicate why drinking became a problem. End by reassuring them and explain what you are going to do to try to help them. This might involve referral to your local alcohol service, providing them with printed information or calling someone else to look after the children. It is a good idea at this stage to give them a diary sheet to keep track of what they are drinking, when and why. You can now also draw up a safety plan or contingency plan with the parent.This is important as it empowers the parent to take control of the situation, even while the problem drinking continues, and it is something they can immediately succeed at. It should prioritize the child's needs and safety, which will also help the parent deal with feelings of guilt. We have all been in a room or meeting with a parent where we have suspicions of parental alcohol use. It is really important not to ignore this, but ‘say what you see' and offer help. Don't add a judgment, an assumption or interpret; simply say to the parent what you see.Examples of this could be: ‘I smell alcohol on your breath–if you need support with that we can help' or ‘you seem unsteady on your feet, your speech seems slurred'. This is an important process for the parent even if it does not lead to a disclosure as it forces them to face some of their own denial. If this is not done they may convince themselves everything is fine. Fundamental to working with parents is accepting that it takes time to change. Goals need to be pragmatic, realistic and timely, with a focus on finding solutions rather than obstacles.Sometimes you have to accept that it may only be possible to put a simple routine in place and that the parent will need support with anything that needs longer-term planning. A useful tool is a basic wall chart, which does actually need to go on the wall so it can be checked. The chart should outline tasks to be completed each day. Allocate a specific day for household tasks; for example, laundry on Mondays and food shopping on Tuesdays. This is useful as it enables the parent to have some basic structure to their time.They can also tick things off as they are completed, which will increase their confidence and make day-to-day life seem more manageable. It is also not reliant on the problem behavior changing immediately. Things often get worse before they get better–be prepared initially for the parent to deteriorate before they improve. It is a process and parents need to learn new coping mechanisms; support networks can help. Think about things that can be changed and what can be put in place to support parents and their children through the period of change.Accepting and anticipating a realistic timetable is crucial. For example, when a child has had little or no supervision and a parent then starts to put boundaries in place the child will react negatively, especially if the parent is still drinking. Putting this part of the program in place will increase parents' stress levels and could result in further drinking and disengagement with services. Therefore, think about support plans you might need for both parent and child. If the parent is still drinking they will find it difficult to maintain the changes.The situation could be handled by addressing the drinking first and ensuring the parent is engaged with an alcohol service that can provide relapse prevention support. Next, introduce intensive parenting support so the family has the maximum chance of benefiting from the intervention and maintaining the changes by using this support network to protect the family against wobbles. Think about the family as a system and look at what works well within it and ways other areas can be improved. This needs reviewing constantly, as if one factor changes the family dynamics will change.For example, if a parent's alcohol consumption changes, the family system will change and these periods of adjustment are stressful for all involved. Sometimes you have to accept that the parent's alcohol abuse might not improve immediately. However, the situat ion may change and, importantly, things may improve for the child over time–don't give up. Children will record their parent's actions at their worst. When Mom and Dad are most out of control, they are the most threatening to the child's survival. The child's survival alarm registers these behaviors the most deeply creating shame.Any subsequent shame experience, which even vaguely resembles that past trauma, can easily trigger the words and scenes of said trauma. What are then recorded are the new experience and the old. Over time an accumulation of shame scenes are attached together. Each new scene potentates the old, sort of like a snowball rolling down a hill, getting larger and larger as it picks up snow. As the years go on, very little is needed to trigger these collages of shame memories. Shame as an emotion has now become frozen and embedded into the core of the person's identity.Children of alcoholics grow up trying to control their parents drinking by hiding or throw ing away the alcohol. Then they try the use of guilt control – (If you really love me you'll stop), or (You care more about that bottle than you care about me). They don't realize that you cannot control or reason with a disease. Some try to cure the disease by being the perfect child; by keeping perfect grades, always being good, being responsible and trying to cure the illness, while keeping the path smooth for the drinker.To an outsider looking in, they are the perfect child. The truth of the matter is they are. People just don't see the whole picture. Other children may choose to be the scapegoat, the one in trouble all the time. They are the family's way of not looking at what's really happening. Then there are those who become the class clown, making everyone laugh and all the while knowing that life is not really that funny. And then there is that little child off in the corner; the withdrawn child who never gives anyone any trouble and feels like he/she is invisible.A ll of these children look like a child, dress like a child, to some degree they behave like a child, but they sure as hell don't feel like a child. Children of alcoholics grow up and become adults quickly. But underneath the mask of adult behavior there is a child who was neglected. This needy child is insatiable. What that means is that when the child becomes an adult, there is a hole in his/her soul. They can never get enough as an adult. An adult child can't get enough because it's really a child's needs that are in question.Growing up and not having your needs met as a child creates many scars; co-dependency being one of the most serious. Much has been written about co-dependency. All agree that it is about the loss of selfhood. Co-dependency is a condition wherein one has no inner life. Happiness is on the outside. Good feelings and self-validation lie on the outside. Children of alcoholics, learn to be care takers or rescuers early in life. They've developed a mechanism that h elped in coping with fear, pain, insecurity and growing up in an abusive alcoholic family.Usually this is how the child copes with not being able to get their own needs met. â€Å"Self-confidence and readiness to accept different, sometimes negative views and responses of others, coupled with the ability to cope with occasional refusals or failures, are the key characteristics that help adolescents adopt healthy patterns of social behavior. † (Tomari, Martina) But later in life, as an adult, those well learned habits imprison them in frustrating, painful, co-dependent relationships, at home and at work.Some of the most common side effects are guilt; the child may see himself or herself as the main cause of the mother's or father's drinking. Another is anxiety; the child may worry constantly about the situation at home. He or she may fear the alcoholic parent will become sick or injured, and may also fear fights and violence between the parents. Then the embarrassment; parents may give the child the message that there is a terrible secret at home. The ashamed child does not invite friends home and is afraid to ask anyone for help.Then comes confusion; the alcoholic parent will change suddenly from being lovey to angry, regardless of the child's behavior. A regular daily schedule, which is very important for a child, does not exist because bedtimes and mealtimes are constantly changing. And then the anger; the child feels anger at the alcoholic parent for drinking, and may be angry at the non-alcoholic parent for lack of support and protection. Inability to have close relationships because the child has been disappointed by the drinking parent many times, he or she often does not trust others.Although the child tries to keep the alcoholism a secret, teachers, relatives, other adults, or friends may sense that something is wrong. Child and adolescent psychiatrists advise that the following behaviors may signal a drinking or other problem at home. Failure i n school, lack of friends, withdrawal from classmates, delinquent behavior, such as stealing or violence, frequent physical complaints, such as headaches or stomachaches, abuse of drugs or alcohol, aggression towards other children, risk taking behaviors, depression and suicidal thoughts.Some children of alcoholics may act like responsible â€Å"parents† within the family and among friends. They may cope with the alcoholism by becoming successful â€Å"over achievers† throughout school, and at the same time be emotionally isolated from other children and teachers. Their emotional problems may show only when they become adults, but in fact they have been â€Å"adult children† their whole lives. â€Å"Adult Child† carries a double meaning: the adult who is trapped in the fears and reactions of a child, and the child who was forced to be an adult without going through the natural stages that would result in a healthy adult.When the adult child of a dysfuncti onal family begins to enter the â€Å"real world† schools and the workplace they discover their family system is not the reality shared by their classmates and co-workers. Many adult children become loners or form tight, unhealthy relationships with other children of dysfunctional homes. These relationships actually re-enforce their dysfunctional view of the world by â€Å"finding another person who really understands. † The tightness of the bonds created in these relationships is accented by the child's lack of an individual sense of identity.They do not yet know where they stop and someone else begins. As a result they are unable to define their limits and begin to take on other people's opinions, defects and needs. If the adult child is able to form lasting friendships (some never do), it is usually with other adult children who provide familiar characteristics similar to the family's dysfunction. Adult children can be very slow to recognize the patterns of family p roblems. They spent their lives being trained by the family to not see the problem, even when they are re-created in friendships, marriages and work relationships.Whether or not their parents are receiving treatment for alcoholism, these children and adolescents can benefit from educational programs and mutual-help groups such as programs for children of alcoholics, Al-Anon, and Alateen. Early professional help is also important in preventing more serious problems for the child, including alcoholism. Studies from the US and Australia have shown that easy local alcohol access is associated with adolescent alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse. Dale, Richard) Child and adolescent psychiatrists help these children with the child's own problems, and also help the child to understand they are not responsible for the drinking problems of their parents. The treatment program may include group therapy with other youngsters, which reduces the isolation of being a child of an alcoholic. The c hild and adolescent psychiatrist will often work with the entire family, particularly when the alcoholic parent has stopped drinking, to help them develop healthier ways of relating to one another.One very successful form of recovery for adult children involves acknowledging the existence of an inner child. The child, who was small, lost and without hope never really went away, but froze. Recovering adult children can find that inner child and resume the process of nurturing to allow him/her to complete the job of growing into a healthy adult. Many counselors, therapists and psychologists have been valuable to many adult children in the process of recovery. Growing up in an alcoholic family is certainly traumatic, and it seems there are no positive aspects involved.The fact of the matter is these children will be scarred for life and most likely need some kind of counseling in the future depending on the severity of the abuse. Too many children in America have lived through this dre adful lifestyle. Alcohol simply should never be abused, neither should the children. One misconception that many alcoholics and addicts seem to have is that their drinking or substance abuse is not affecting anyone else. Many times they will make statements like, â€Å"I'm not hurting anyone but myself! † Unfortunately, there is a great deal of research and a vast amount of anecdotal evidence that this is simply not the case. Hurt people . . . hurt people. † The behavior of addicts and alcoholics can affect everyone around them, including family, friends, employers and coworkers. Perhaps those most vulnerable to the effects of alcoholism or addiction are their children. If you have a drinking or a drug abuse problem and you have children in your home, they are being affected, sometimes so profoundly that the effects last their entire lifetimes. Children of alcoholics and addicts can have deep-seated psychological and emotional reactions to growing up with an addicted pa rent. Emergent from an alcoholic family is harrowing.In these homes, children experience a daily environment of inconsistency, chaos, fear, abandonment, denial, and real or potential violence. Survival becomes a full-time job. While most of us know that alcoholism is a disease, too few recognize it as a family disease, which may emotionally, spiritually and often physically, affect not only the alcoholic but each member of the family. Little emotional energy remains to consistently fulfill the many needs of children who become victims of the family illness. For many years, professional psychologists were barely aware of the vast pool of suffering of the family of alcoholics.They concentrated on healing the alcoholic and felt that it solved the problems of the family as well. Today they realize that the whole family suffers this sickness and all must be made well. By looking at what it is like to live in an alcoholic's home, the side effects, and how to cope with the problem there is conclusive evidence to see how the disease negatively affects the children. Dale, Richard A. , et al. â€Å"Alcohol environment, gender and nonfatal injuries in young people. An ecological study of fourteen Swedish municipalities (2000-2005). †Ã‚  Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy  7 (2012): 36.Academic OneFile. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. http://proxy01. nwacc. edu:2076/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA307422823&v=2. 1&u=nwestakcc&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Tomori, Martina. â€Å"Personality characteristics of adolescents with alcoholic parents. †Ã‚  Adolescence  29. 116 (1994): 949+. Academic OneFile. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. http://proxy01. nwacc. edu:2076/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA16477257&v=2. 1&u=nwestakcc&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Brennan, Patricia A. , Emily R. Grekin, and Constance Hammen. â€Å"Parental alcohol use disorders and child delinquency: the mediating effects of executive functioning and chronic family stress *.   Journal of Studies on Alcohol  Jan. 2005: 14+. Academic OneF ile. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. http://proxy01. nwacc. edu:2076/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA132050571;v=2. 1;u=nwestakcc;it=r;p=AONE;sw=w Pinto, Violet, and Rajan Kulkarni. â€Å"A Case Control Study on School Dropouts in Children of Alcohol-Dependent Males Versus that in Abstainers/Social Drinkers' Children. †Ã‚  Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care  1. 2 (2012): 92. Academic OneFile. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. http://go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA313826180;v=2. 1;u=nwestakcc;it=r;p=AONE;sw=w

Jacques Cartier essays

Jacques Cartier essays Jacques Cartier is recognized as the European discover of the St. Lawrence River, he also discovered the Magdalene Islands and Prince Edward Island. Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 at St. Malo, Brittiany; Cartier made three voyages to North America between 1534 and 1542. On the first (1534), he thoroughly explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, claimed the Gaspe Peninsula for France, and took two Laurentian Iroquois home with him to learn French. Jacques Cartier is recognized as the European discoverer of the St. Lawrence River. On the second voyage (1535-36), he used the two Indian interpreter-guides to pilot him up the St. Lawrence River to Quebec (Stadacona). He continued to Montreal (Hochelaga) without them but was discouraged from continuing farther west by the rapids and cold weather. Wintering in Quebec (Stadacona), 25 members of his crew died from scurvy before the discovery of a brew of white cedar saved the rest. He arrived back at St. Malo in July 1536. On his third voyage (1541-42), Cartier was obliged to serve under the nominal command of Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval, all though the latter did not sail with him. Cartier founded a settlement near Quebec (Stadacona), discovered quartz he thought to be diamonds and iron pyrites he thought to be gold, and again travel as far as Montreal (Hochelaga). He winter near Quebec (Stadacona), where at least 35 members of his crew were apparently kill by Iroquois. This third voyage also helped pave the way for Samuel de Champlains expeditions; it was the search for a Northwest Passage that brought Cartier into the St. Lawrence River in 1534. The colony, under the sieur de Roberval, was a failure, and for the time being France lost interest in Canada. Cartier retired to St-Malo, where he served as an adviser on navigation. He died on September 1, 1557. ...

Analysis of the Wife of Bath in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

Analysis of the Wife of Bath in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Chaucer opens the â€Å"Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales† describing twenty-nine people going on a pilgrimage. It can be recognized from the way people behave today, that they had a distinct personality. In comparison with the other people, Chaucer made The Wife of Bath stand out from the other characters.The Wife of Bath is described intentionally in a way to provoke a shocking response. Chaucer described her clothes, her physical features, and her past in a way that causes the reader to wonder if she fits the rules imposed by Christians regarding womanly behavior. By their actions, women were categorized as saints or sinners according to Christian tradition. The sinner or the saint were represented by two women. Virgin Mary, the mother of Christ, symbolized purity, while Eve was a sinner because she caused the downfall of all men. The Wife of Bath is a headstrong woman of her time. She wears ten pounds of clothes and a hat, showing off with pride her Sunday clothes. Her clothing symbolized that she isn’t shy and also shows off her expertise as a weaver. Chaucer chooses his words carefully to describe the Wife of Bath distinctly. Her facial and bodily features description is sexually suggestive. Chaucer’s description of the Wife of Bath should be noticed. In the â€Å"Prologue of the Wife of Bath’s Tale†, Chaucer describes her physical appearance describing her cloth, legs, feet, hips, and and the most important her gap-tooth, which symbolized sensuality and lust. He describes how talented weaver and devoted Christian she is. She goes on pilgrimages often. This seems quite unbelievable for the reader, but later the reader sees that actually, the Wife of Bath doesn’t go on these pilgrimages in due to religion. She just goes because she thinks that every place should be seen. She is a dedicated traveler, a medieval tourist who likes to sightsee.The Wife of Bath is a self-confident woman, she thinks highly of herself and her skills. It is ironic when Chaucer describes that she has a gap between her teeth. In the fourteenth century, the gap between the teeth was symbolic of sensual nature. She’s not interested in anything that has to do with homemaking, she’s interested in love. Chaucer said that she has been married five times: â€Å"Housbondes at chirche dore she hadde five†. She knew all the â€Å"remedies of love†. One other important element in her description is that she is deaf in one ear. In both â€Å"The Prologue of the Wife of Bath’s Tale† and â€Å"The Tale of the Wife of Bath†, she discusses virginity, marriage, and the question of sovereignty. The Wife of Bath is a strong-willed woman, and also a dominant woman who gets what she wants when she wants it. She doesn’t know the term â€Å"defeat† no matter what the cost and consequence. She thinks that men should obey her. She doesn’t want to be told by others what to do, especially by a man. She shows her power-thirsty attitude when she says: â€Å"In wifhood wol I use myn instrument as freely as my Makere hath it sent. If I be dangerous, God yive me sorwe: myn housbonder shal it han both eve and morwe whan that him list come forth and pay his dette. An housbonde wol I have, I wol nat lette, which shal be bother my dettour and mt thral, and have his tribulacion withal upon his flesh whil that I am his wif†. She uses her body as a weapon, and she says that she owns he r husband, who owes her. She thinks that her husband should bow to her because she is his wife. The Wife of Bath considers that experience is authority, and she was married five time, so that makes her authoritative. She uses the Bible as justification of her behaviour, even though she is not religious. She describes her lives with her five husbands, and also how she had control over four of her husbands saying â€Å"I governed hem so wel after my lawe†. Later, she says â€Å"For God it woot, I chidde hem spitously†. She says that she is doing this for God. The Wife of Bath is thirsty of attention, sexually and as a person as well. She is upset when her fifth husband is interested more in books than in her. It seems that her fifth husband excite her because the Wife of Bath likes challenges. She rips pages out of her husband’s book about how bad women are. Her husband gets angry, and he hits her, and she becomes deaf. After, she tries to make him feel guilty pretending that she is dead. She doesn’t try to make him understand he made something wrong, she just tried to achieve power and authority, which she gained. The Wife of Bath doesn’t care about changing the world for the benefit of other women. She is not fighting for the rights of women, who are subordinate to men, she is not a feminist. She is experienced and she says she knows what pleasures men. She gives men what they desire, meaning sexual pleasure from her. She’s not fighting for the liberation of women. It’s a non-feministic view. She is manipulating men with the help of sex, just as men do to women. She believes in sexual freedom. It goes against feministic beliefs, giving men what men desire. The Wife of Bath has the choice of not giving the men what he desire, but she gives anyway men what he desires, because she experienced sex before and she knows that men enjoy it. It confuses the reader because it goes against feminist way. Firstly, the reader thinks that she is feminist and that she tries to win women freedom. She said that men are suffering because of women. She is selfish, filled with a hunger for se x and control an all men.I cannot relate to her because she is an extremely selfish, power-hungry, and immoral women. The Wife of Bath’s character focuses on craving for sex and impuls to give men pleasures through sex, to give men what men desire. I think that even in our modern society, no one will think that her actions are justified.

Strategy Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategy Methodology - Essay Example Another area of functionality involves the organization i.e. the structure of the organization, budget and human resources. Other functional areas include operations, logistics and projects. Overall the IT strategy is composed of the infrastructure, applications and services to be supported by IT in the organization. As such the strategy is bound to be affected by many factors and more especially economic ones which are to be considered with a lot of care at the management levels. It can be costly and budget intensive but in the ultimate deployment of information technologies enhances communication both internally and externally. It also enhances management and coordination of departments in the organization at a reduced cost. It is therefore very important to note that there exists a positive relationship between use of internet & intranets in organizations and profitability. IT encourages innovation and a decision making model which is more autonomous hence positively impacting on the profitability of the organization. Economic factors therefore surely have a profound impact on IT strategy decisions at organizational levels and no organization will afford to ignore IT going forward in the business world. 1. Torben Juul Anderson. (2001). Information Technology, Strategic Decision Making Approaches and Organizational Performance in Different Industrial Settings. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 10 (2001)

Can we trust othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 18000 words

Can we trust othello - Essay Example because we added it later to the part we have submitted earlier ,so it seems he skipped the first part including the methodology which was not revised ,but it is not problem . So , what is left now is the changes according to his comment and the conclusion . I will contact the administration about what you have asked about ,but please try to keep with me for the last and sooner I wish to have the revised update with the conclusion and the division of the chapters . The tutor comments by saying â€Å"I’ve underlined where I have suggested changes to the text .COMMENTS are in bold. it will be necessary for you to group some of the sections ,into chapters. That will make the whole discussion much easier to read . In addition to several eminent theatrical works such as Macbeth, Hamlet and King Lear, Shakespeare is renowned the world over for working on a fourth eminent work that has been famously known as ‘Othello’. Othello, thus completes the quartet of four great tragedies produced by perhaps the greatest playwright mankind has ever witnessed. Othello has been the favorite of critics the world over and has served to become the apex of Shakespeare’s work of theatrical plays and as such is unique among Shakespeare’s known works on tragedies. However, the other three works, namely King Lear. Macbeth or Hamlet, are set against a backdrop of state affairs, whereas Othello has been found to focus on the private world with a primary focus on the lives and passions of its main characters (Bradley, 1904, pg. 21). Without doubt, Othello has often been termed as a ‘tragedy of character’. The swiftness with which Othello descends into the ocean of jealousy combined with a fit of rage and the manner in which his deputy Iago is able to utilize the strengths of his dazzling villainy have long fascinated students of Theatre and arts apart from regular critics of the play. One of the primary reasons behind such a fascination and amazement can be attributed to

CRIMINAL LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

CRIMINAL LAW - Essay Example Thus in the current scenario unless a case beyond reasonable doubt is made Susan would be considered as innocent. As far as the burden of proof is concerned, such burden lies on the prosecution who in turn has to prove beyond all reasonable doubt including but not limited to satisfaction of the jury of the guilt of the defendant. (Woolmington v. DPP)1 The main elements that required to be proved in criminal law or be specific a criminal offence are actus reus (the action of the accused), mens rea (the requisite intention for the commission of the offence) and the absence of any defence or if any defence is raised it is negated to the satisfaction of the court. (Lord Diplock in R v Miller)2 Another element that needs to be taken into account is that the actus reus and mens rea of the criminal offence that was committed need to coincide, however it is pertinent to mention that such requirement has been interpreted broadly by the courts. (Fagan v. Commissioner of Police3). The actus reu s of an offence is generally satisfied when a positive act is committed. It has often been required that that has been committed must be voluntary, this can be seen from what Lord Denning said that ‘No act is punishable if it is done involuntarily, and an involuntary act in this context...means an act which is done by the muscles without any control by the mind such as spasm, a reflex action or a convulsion; or an act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing such as an act done whilst suffering from concussion or whilst sleepwalking...’ (Bratty v Attorney General for Northern Ireland)4 . Thus the act of the defendant must therefore be voluntary and a wilful movement of body. The next element is mens rea which is concerned with the state of mind of the defendant. There had been cases which were decided upon by the courts in which the criteria were set up whereby the mens rea for a criminal act would be established. The cases that were decided upon took i nto account intention, subjective recklessness, objective recklessness, lacuna etc. Mens cannot be said to be wickedness by way of any moral or general sense (Dodman)5 . Furthermore even if it is proved to the court that the motive behind the criminal act was good, it cannot be relied upon as a defence (Chiu-Chang v. R)6 . In respect of mens rea the current situation is that of Woollin7 and R v. G. And this has been reached after considerable refining of the original test for intention. Thus the test for direct intent is the that the defendant had intended a result by committing the particular act; and for oblique intent is that the result may have been that the result was a virtually certain consequence of the act. The actus reus of mens rea was provided by Sir Edward Coke in the seventeenth century whereby he stated that the act is committed if the defendant ‘unlawfully killeth any reasonable creature in rerum natura under the Queen’s peace’. The definition of unlawfully does not include the killing of for example the use of reasonable force for self defence (Re a (Children)8. Clearly it can be seen that due to the car of Susan going straight into the pedestrian would be considered to be an act is unlawful. As far as killeth is concerned that refers to the requirement that the acts of the defendant can be attributed to be a legal cause of death. Clearly

History Of Internet Banking In Malaysia Information Technology Essay

History Of Internet Banking In Malaysia Information Technology Essay In early 2001 the bursting of the Internet bubble has created numerous assumptions that Internet services companies have lost their opportunities. The Internet companies and Internet players have been fighting for survival, and most of them have been still experiencing losses. There are still going discussions among practicing managers and academics in reaching a consent in their debate about this new technology: whether the Internet changes the basic way people do business or whether it is just an evolutionary process, offering simply a new distribution channel and communication medium (Moe and Fader, 2001). According to Brown (2001), the New Economy or e-commerce businesses are still at the early life stage. In spite of the collapse of dot.com stock prices in March 2001, Internet usage and e-commerce continued to grow at a fast speed. According to eMarketer (2003), the US B2C e-commerce returns comparing to US$51 billion in 2001reached US$70 billion in 2002, i.e., a jump of 37%. It also forecasted that revenues of the e-commerce would increase by 28% to US$90 billion by 2003; by 2004 would occur another increase of 21% to US$109 billion; and to US$133 billion, a further 22% increase, by 2005. The expected extensive growth of online purchases via the Internet will give enormous chances to businesses in general, and Internet Banking (IB) in particular. In this study the terms IB and Online Banking (OB) are used interchangeably. IB/OB is different from Electronic Banking (e-banking) in that the latter is a higher level activity that encompasses not only IB/OB, but also Mobile Banking, SMS Banking, ATM, WAP-banking and other electronic payment systems that are not operated through the Internet. Our study will focus on IB, because it is considered as the most significant and most popular delivery channel for banking services in the cyber age. Banks can benefit from much lower operating costs by offering IB services, which require less staff and fewer physical branches. Customers will also benefit from the convenience, speed and round-the-clock availability of IB services. In order to be able to formulate better marketing strategies for increasing IB usage in the future banks need to study the factors that influence customers intention to adopt IB so that banks. This study aims to examine the behavioral intention of UUM students to use IB services with a focus on users perceptions of ease of use and usefulness of IB, and of security of using this new technology to meet their banking needs. In Chapter 2, we provide a review of the previous literature on innovation diffusion and technology adoption, based on which we propose a model of customers intention to adopt IB. We discuss the research methodology in Chapter 3. History of internet banking in Malaysia On June 1, 2000, the Bank Negara Malaysia let locally owned commercial banks offer Internet banking services. On June 15, 2000 the first bank to offer Internet banking services in Malaysia was Maybank, the largest domestic bank in terms of assets as well as network distribution which commands its own portal at www.maybank2U.com. Subsequently, internet banking services were offered by Hong Leong Bank, Southern Bank, Multi-Purpose Bank and etc. A review of the Malaysian banking sites in the Internet discovered that all domestic banks, which have been settled an anchor bank status by the BNM, have a web presence. This banking service is currently being provided to individual customers of the bank and the site boasts of the latest 128-bit encryption technology to dispel worries of security among bank customers. Internet banking service provided in the portal consists of banking enquiry functions, credit card payment, bill payment, accounts summary, and funds transfer as well as transacti on history. In the banks providing internet banking services customer support service is provided via e-mails as well as via telephone lines and it is available daily from morning to mid-night (source: http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/0103_01.htm). Problem Statement From reviewing related articles on the current topic, we can find evidence that although consumers have had an interest in advanced internet banking services and tended to have various financial sources or tools for money transactions; they have not quickly changed their main propensity to use banking services or goods that they are already familiar with (Futurics 2001). For example, new electronic banking goods or services have not quickly substituted for traditional ones and non-online banking goods or services. Although various electronic banking services have emerged since the ATM was introduced 30 years ago, a lot of consumers still use checks as a primary source for money transactions, and banks still have a lot of bricks and mortar branches in the market. According to the Survey of Consumer Finances in 2001, about 60% of household heads used checks as a primary source. Furthermore, the number of bank branches expanded from about 65,000 to about 73,000 from 1994 to 2003, even t hough the number of U.S banks fell from about 12,500 in 1994 to about 9,000 during the same period (Hirtle Metli, 2004). In spite of the emergence of a series of advanced electronic banking services, both consumers and banks still regard non-electronic banking as one of the important sources for money transaction. However, in global terms the majority of private bankers are still not using internet-banking channel. There are multiple reasons for this. To start with, customers need to have an access to the internet in order to utilize the service. Furthermore, new online users need first to learn how to use the service (Mols et al., 1999). Second, nonusers often complain that internet banking has no social dimension, i.e. you are not served in the way you are in a face-to-face situation at a bank branch (Mattila et al., 2003). Third, customers have been afraid of security issues (Sathye, 1999; Hamlet and Strube, 2000; Howcroft et al., 2002). However, this study focuses in the adoption of internet banking services by customers in evidence of the students of Universiti Utara Malaysia. Our study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of internet banking services by UUM students. Research questions The study intends to answer the following questions: How UUM students Attitude influence their Intention to use IB? What relationship does the Perceived Usefulness have with the UUM students Attitude and Intention to use IB? What relationship does the Perceived Ease of Use have with the UUM students Attitude and Intention to use IB? Is Perceived Web Security really a concern to UUM students who are using IB? Research Objectives The main aim of this study to determine the basic factors influence the usage of internet banking in UUM and to examine the factors that affect the adoption of internet banking. The specific objectives are as follow: To investigate how UUM students Attitude influence their Intention to use IB; To examine the relationship of Perceived Usefulness with the UUM students Attitude and Intention to use IB; To investigate the relationship of Perceived Ease of Use with the UUM students Attitude and Intention to use IB; To investigate whether Perceived Web Security is a concern for the usage of internet banking. Significance of the Study The study will contribute in expanding the body of knowledge in the internet and technology adoption literature. It will provide academicians and researchers with an update on the usage and acceptance of internet in the banking sector. This research can contribute to an improved understanding of the factors related to users acceptance of new technology. In particularly, this study acts as an understanding of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Also, this research can stimulate the banks providing their services inside UUM Campus such as CIMB, Islamic Bank and Maybank to improve their internet banking services. In the particular perspective, this study is significant to offer useful information for bank management in creating IB marketing strategies. For marketing practitioners, the aim is to offer a holistic and in-depth overview of how customer forms, experience and exploit their satisfaction towards services that offered by the banks. This study contributes to the literature by formulating and validating TAM to predict IB adoption. CHAPTER TWO Literature review Although in the past most of studies aim were to extent of understanding of user adoption of technology, few of these studies were conducted on IB services by extending the well-established Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). It is an appropriate time to study the user adoption of IB when the numbers of global banking groups are rapidly offering and improving IB services on the rise (American Banker, 2002). Both academics and banking executives will be interested in such a study. in particular, this study investigates the students perception on the adoption of internet banking for their private purpose. In other words, our survey focused on UUM students purpose to use internet banking to handle their banking issues. 2.1. Technology Acceptance Models Davis (1989) developed the Technology Acceptance Model, according to this model users adoption of computer system depends on their behavioral intention to use, which in turn depends on attitude, consisting of two beliefs, namely Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness. In fact, Davis developed TAM by building upon an earlier theory, the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975). In TRA, Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) proposed that intention is the immediate determinant of the corresponding behavior, which is divided into (1) attitude toward behavior, and (2) subjective norm concerning behavior. Davis posited d in TAM that the two theoretical constructs, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use, are fundamental determinants of system use in an organization. These constructs also provide better measures for predicting and explaining system use than other constructs (Davis, 1989). TAM has been widely used for predicting the acceptance and use of information systems, and recently has been applied to predict Internet adoption as well. In a recent study, Lederer et al. (2000) adapted TAM to study World Wide Web (WWW) usage and found evidence to support TAM. Another study of applying TAM in the WWW context was conducted by Moon and Kim (2001). They introduced the construct Playfulness to predict Attitude. Data were collected from 152 graduate students of management in Korea. Although the results of findings of test of TAM-related hypotheses showed that they were all supported, the results deviated from the basic belief of TAM that Perceived Usefulness is the key determinant of user acceptance of IT. The results of Moon and Kim (2001) revealed that Perceived Ease of Use has a more significant relationship with Attitude than Perceived Usefulness in the WWW context, and Perceived Playfulness (an intrinsic motivational factor) has a more positive effect on Attitude th an Perceived Usefulness (an extrinsic motivational factor). 2.2. Theoretical Model for IB Adoption IB is a new distribution channel for the delivery of banking services. From both academic and practical perspectives, it is interesting to understand and assess customers intention to use IB services. We have chosen TAM as the baseline model for this study because it is a well-tested model concerning users acceptance of technology. We augment TAM with the construct Perceived Web Security. Specifically, we hypothesize that Intention to Use is influenced by Attitude, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Web Security. We will test the strength of the hypothesized relationships embedded in the theoretical model and the robustness of the model in predicting students intention to adopt IB in Universiti Utara Malaysia Campus. TAM has been used by various researchers to predict users intention to accept or adopt a variety of technologies and computer systems. The technologies include electronic mail, text editor, word processing systems, and graphics software (Davis, 1989; Davis et al., 1989), spreadsheets (Hendrickson et al., 1993), Database Management Systems (Szajna, 1994), voice-mail and word processors (Adams et al., 1992; Chin and Todd, 1995). We use TAM with the constructs Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use to assess the determinants of students Attitude and Intention to Use (equivalent to the construct Behavioral Intention in TAM). While we adopt the original TAM in this study, we use Behavioral Intention as the dependent variable and skip the construct Actual Usage. On the theoretical front, an abundance of research studies have reported a strong and significant causal relationship between behavioral intention and usage of technology or targeted behavior (Sheppard et al., 1988; Venkate sh and Morris, 2000). It is therefore theoretically justifiable to use Behavioral Intention as a dependent variable to examine the acceptance of IB (Mathieson, 1991). Agarwal and Prasad (1999) also argued that for a survey-based research design, Behavioral Intention is more appropriate than Actual Usage as they are measured contemporaneously with beliefs and our study is survey-based research. On the practical front, it is worth noting that IB is still at an early stage of development among UUM students. The percentage of usage is not relatively high. Therefore, the choice of Behavioral Intention, rather than Actual Usage, as the dependent variable is considered both appropriate and necessary. In addition, Salisbury et al. (2001) argue that feeling secure in doing transactions on the Web is often cited by users as a major factor that removes their concerns about the efficient use of the Internet for making online purchases. Therefore, we include the construct Perceived Web Security as a predictor of Attitude and Intention to Use, as in the earlier study conducted by Salisbury et al. (2001). In their study, Salisbury et al. (2001) developed a set of four items to measure Perceived Web Security using a 7-point Likert scale. The results of their study showed that the three constructs, namely Perceived Web Security, Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness, have a positive relationship with intention to purchase online. However, we will include the construct Attitude in our theoretical model. CHAPTER THREE Research Methodology There exists virtually no research examining UUM students behavioral intention to adopt IB services by extending TAM. To fill this gap, we will conduct a survey study for hypothesis testing using the framework of the original TAM as the foundation to determine the predictors of students Intention to use IB in UUM. To collect data, we will design a questionnaire by adapting the instrument and scales developed for TAM. We will augment TAM by adding the construct Perceived Web Security developed by Salisbury et al. (2001) and adapting their instrument and scale to measure this construct in our questionnaire. 3.1. Sample Size This study aims to investigate the self-reported behaviors of students and their intention to use IB services for their private purposes in UUM. We will request respondents to return their completed questionnaires. We will collect data from UUM students who use internet banking. We will as to fill in the survey questionnaires to a sample of 250 randomly students selected from a total of over 25,000 students in UUM. 3.2. Measurement of the Constructs In devising a useful measurement instrument for this study, we want to adapt an instrument and scales developed and validated in previous studies. We will base on TAM instrument, which has been replicated and widely used in other studies. In this study we use the adapted question items as the instrument to measure the respective constructs below, using a 7-point Likert scale for each item (with 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = slightly disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = slightly agree, 6 = agree, and 7 = strongly agree). The constructs are defined in the following: Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) defined by Davis (1989) as the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his job performance. Perceived Usefulness (PU) defined by Davis (1989) as the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort. Perceived Web Security (PWS) defined by Salisbury et al. (2001) as the extent to which one believes that the World Wide Web is secure for transmitting sensitive information. It is also noted that the adoption of purchasing products on the World Wide Web may involve a greater degree of risk than the adoption of other IT innovations. When one purchases products online, there may be a perception of risk involved in transmitting sensitive information such as credit card numbers across the World Wide Web. Attitude (ATT) refers to an individuals positive or negative feelings (evaluative affect) about performing a particular behavior (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Intention to Use (INT) refers to customers intention to use, as opposed to their actual use of, IB services. 3.3. Survey Questionnaire Based on the hypothesized model developed through a detailed review of the related literature on user acceptance of technology and new technology diffusion, we will devise a questionnaire as a measurement scale for the research. The questionnaire will be developed in English. We will try to make the questionnaire readable and ensure its accuracy and appropriateness. A factor analysis will be performed on the data collected from the pilot study. CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS Total 85 research questionnaires were distributed to and collected from the respondents in the library building of Universiti Utara Malaysia. The sample period consists of 3 weeks from August 22 to September 12, 2010. Factor analysis was done by using SPSS with the data collected by distributing questionnaires. 4.1. Respondents Demographic Characteristics The analysis of the statistics of the demographic characteristics of the respondents is presented in Table 1. Of the 85 respondents, 47.1% were female and 52.9% male; 37.6% were in the 21-25 age group, 41.2% were 26-30 in age, and 20% were 31-40 in age. As the research was done among master students, any respondent was not under the age of 20, and only one of them was over 40. Table 1 Demographics of respondents Demographic profile Frequency Percentage (%) Gender F Female 40 47.1 M Male 45 52.9 Total 85 100.0 Age A Under 20 0 0 B 21-25 32 37.6 C 26-30 35 41.2 D 31-40 17 20.0 E Over 40 1 1.2 85 100.0 Rogers (1983) has found the characteristics of innovation adopters as having high levels of education, and social status as well as income. Moreover, Gefen (1997) and Teo Lim (2000) by testing the gender differences which affect the awareness of e-mail and the Internet usage, found similar results with Rogers (1983). 4.2. Factor Analysis Using SPSS we conducted our exploratory factor analysis on our survey data. Table 2 presents the rotated factor matrix which is a result from independent variables Varimax rotated principal axis factor extraction. The 1.0 eigenvalue cut-off criterion was used for the independent variables factor extraction. The table points out that five factors which are the variables used for our research emerged and reports their factor loadings. For evaluation of the Cronbachs alpha we tested the data using the SPSS Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), where the Cronbachs alpha ranged from 0.896 to 0.914. To ensure convergent validity and item reliability we evaluated each of the items individually. All factor loadings except for b7, b10 and b15 (0.478; 0.424 and 0.486, respectively) were larger than 0.5, which characterize an acceptable significant level of internal validity. The factor loadings vary from 0.554 to 0.744 for Perceived Ease of Use, 0.478 to 0.686 for Perceived Usefulness, 0.424 to 0.642 for Perceived Web Security, 0.486 to 0.536 for Attitude, and 0.539 to 0.621 for Intention to Use. All 19 questionnaire items were held on to further analysis, because all factor loadings were found to be of an acceptable significant level. Table 2 Reliability and factor analysis (from SPSS analysis) Reliability Factor loading Cronbach alpha Variance explained (%) Perceived Ease of Use 0.911 76.920 B/b1-Using the Internet Banking (IB) service is easy for me 0.925 0.594 B/b2-I find my interaction with the IB services clear and understandable 0.929 0.613 B/b3-It is easy for me to become skillful in the use of the IB services 0.925 0.554 B/b4-Overall, I find the use of the IB services easy 0.927 0.744 Perceived Usefulness (PU) 0.914 7.979 B/b5-Using the IB would enable me to accomplish my tasks more quickly 0.929 0.522 B/b6-Using the IB would make it easier for me to carry out my tasks 0.925 0.603 B/b7-I would find the IB useful 0.927 0.478 B/b8-Overall, I would find using the IB to be advantageous 0.926 0.686 Perceived Web Security (PWS) 0.896 7.075 B/b9-I would feel secure sending sensitive information across the IB 0.926 0.575 B/b10-The IB is a secure means through which to send sensitive information 0.927 0.424 B/b11-I would feel totally safe providing sensitive information about myself over the IB 0.924 0.642 B/b12-Overall, the IB is a safe place to transmit sensitive information 0.925 0.639 Attitude (ATT) 0.907 4.772 B/b13-Using the IB is a good idea 0.927 0.536 B/b14-I would feel that using the IB is pleasant 0.928 0.502 B/b15-In my opinion, it would be desirable to use the IB 0.928 0.486 B/b16-In my view, using the IB is a wise idea 0.927 0.508 Intention to Use (IU) 0.906 3.254 B/b17-I would use the IB for my banking needs 0.925 0.621 B/b18-Using the IB for handling my banking transactions is something I would do 0.926 0.551 B/b19-I would see myself using the IB for handling my banking transactions 0.926 0.539 4.3. Reliability test For reliability tests, the Cronbachs alpha ranged from 0.925 to 0.929 for both Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness, from 0.924 to 0.927 for Perceived Web Security, while it ranged from 0.927 to 0.928 for Attitude and from 0.925 to 0.926 for Intention to Use. Correlation analyses of variables show that estimation ranges from 0.620 to 0.778 with significant P for all variables as shown in Table 3. Perceived Ease of Use has a direct impact on Perceived Usefulness with 0.000 significant level. Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Web Security significantly impacts on Attitude at the 0.000 level. Consequently, Attitude, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Web Security significantly effect Intention to Use. Table 3 Correlation of variables Estimate P PUà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ PEOU 0.683** 0.000 ATà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ PU 0.680** 0.000 ATà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ PEOU 0.620** 0.000 ATà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ PWS 0.778** 0.000 IUà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ ATT 0.768** 0.000 IUà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ PU 0.642** 0.000 IUà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ PWS 0.735** 0.000 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Limitations Since our research was performed with time limitation, as with other crossectional studies, it is not without limitations. A wider study for more fully investigation of the pre-launch stage, the promotion stage and the post-launch stage of IB would surely be an important donation to the IB literature in the future. Our research only covers Web security construction. Future research might concentrate on security and privacy separately, as the latter is arousing rising concentration in the Web literature (Jarvenpaa and Todd, 1997). Moreover, the measurement instrument for Web security could be further developed to increase its validity in future studies. Our research was carried out in Universiti Utara Malaysia among international master students only. It may not represent all the students of UUM, as well as other territories and people. 5.2 Conclusions The findings of our empirical study support the theoretical model implementing TAM and the put up Perceived Web Security. From the results of our study Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Web Security are supported as predicting variables, which have an effect on intervening variables, Perceived Usefulness and Attitude, and the dependent variable Intention to Use IB. Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Web Security as well as Perceived Ease of Use directly effect Intention to Use. Perceived Web Security effects on Intention to Use directly, rather than passing through Attitude which is the intervening variable. It is consistent with the findings of empirical studies provided earlier (Salisbury et al., 2001). Reference Adams, D.A., Nelson, R.R. and Todd, P.A., 1992. Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology: a replication, MIS Quarterly, 16, 227-247. Agarwal, R., and Prasad, J., 1999. Are individual differences germane to the acceptance of new information technologies? Decision Sciences, 30, 361-391. American Banker, In brief: fast growth for small-biz web banking, American Banker 167 (20) (2002). Brown R.D., E-commerce: customer service success factors, Futurics 25 (2001) 18-30. Chin, W.W. and Todd, P.A., 1995. On the use, usefulness, and ease of use of structural equation modeling in MIS research: a note of caution. MIS Quarterly, 19, 237-246. Davis, F. D., 1989. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13, 319-336. Davis F.D., Bagozzi R.P. and Warshaw P.R., 1989. User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35, 982-1003. eMarketer, The US B2C Review, 2003, http://www.emarketer.com/estats/081699_data.html http://www.emarketer.com/products/report.php?eglobal (retrieved on 29 August 2003). Fishbein, M.A. and Ajzen, I., 1975. Belief, Intention and Behavior: An introduction to Theory and Research. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. Gefen, D., Karahanna, E. and Straub, D. W., 2003. Trust and TAM in online shopping: an integrated model. MIS Quarterly, 27, 51-90.Hamlet, C. and Strube, M. (2000), Community banks go online, ABA Banking Journals 2000 White Paper/Banking on the Internet, March, pp. 61-5. Hendrickson, A.R., Massey, P.D. and Cronan, T.P., 1993. On the test-retest reliability of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use scales. MIS Quarterly, 17, 227-230. Hirtle, Beverly J. and Christopher Metli. The Evolution of U.S. Bank Branch Networks: Growth, Consolidation, and Strategy, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Current Issues in Economic and Finance, July 2004, 10(8). Howcroft, B., Hamilton, R. and Hewer, P. (2002), Consumer attitude and the usage and adoption of home-based banking in the United Kingdom, The International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 111-21. Jarvenpaa, S.L. and Todd, P.A., 1997. Consumer reactions to electronic shopping on the World Wide Web. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 1, 59-88. Lederer A.L., D.J. Maupin, M.P. Sena, Y.L. Zhuang, 2000. The technology acceptance model and the world wide web, Decision Support Systems 29, 269-282. Mathieson, K., 1991. Predicting user intention: comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior. Information Systems Research, 2, 173-191 Mattila, M., Karjaluoto, H. and Pento, T. (2003), Internet banking adoption among mature customers: early majority or laggards, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 514-26. Moe, W.W. and Fader, P.S., 2001. Uncovering patterns in cybershopping. California Management Review, 43, 106-117. Mols, N.P., Bukh, P.N.D. and Nielsen, J.F. (1999), Distribution channel strategies in Danish retail banking, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 37-47. Moon, J.W. and Kim, Y.G., 2001. Extending the TAM for a World-Wide-Web context. Information and Management, 38, 217-230. Rogers, E.M., 1995. Diffusion of Innovations, 4th Edition. The Free Press, New York. Salisbury, W.D., Pearson, R.A., Pearson, A.W. and Miller D.W., 2001, Perceived security and World Wide Web purchase intention. Industrial Management Data Systems, 101, 165-176. Sathye, M., 1999. Adoption of Internet Banking by Australian consumers: an empirical investigation. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 17, 324-334. Sheppard, B.H., Hartwick, J., and Warshaw, P.R., 1988. The theory of reasoned action: a meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 6, 144-176. Szajna, B., 1994. Software evaluation and choice: predictive validation of the technology acceptance instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18, 319-324. Teo, T.S.H., Lim, V.K.G. and Lai, R.Y.C. (1999), Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Internet usage, Omega, International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 27, pp. 25-37. Venkatesh, V. and Morris, M.G., 2000. Why dont men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Quarterly, 24, 115-139.